The Earliest States of Eastern Europe

The cow Brynja in “The Book of Settlements” plays a role of a satellite actor useful in revealing the meaning of toponyms. This sets out its story from the use of other animals and birds in the text of the Book and places it on the same level as the human characters.

Keywords:

“Landnámabók” (“The Book of Settlements”), source studies, toponymy, medieval worldview, cattle

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