The Circumstances and Time of the Appearance of the Project “Gothic Metropolia” (Not. III)
Institute of Archaeology of Crimea of the Russian Academy of Sciences
For citation: Mogarichev, Yurii M. On Circumstances and Time of the Appearance of the Project “Gothic Metropolia” (Not. III) // Drevneishie gosudarstva Vostochnoi Evropy (The Earliest States of Eastern Europe). 2021: Eastern Europe and the World of Islam. In honor of Tatjana M. Kalinina. Editors of the volume B.E. Rashkovskiy, E.V. Litovskikh, E.A. Melnikova. Moscow: Dmitry Pozharsky University, 2021. S. 368–383.
DOI: 10.32608/1560-1382-2021-42-368-383
Abstract: The article deals with the information on Crimea preserved in so-called de Boors’ Notitia (Not. III according to J. Darrouzes). This information differs from other Byzantine Notitia (Not. I, II. IV, V, VI according to J. Darrouzes) dating before the beginning of the 10th century. The author agrees with the scholars who consider the “the Crimean” part of Not. III to be a part of “draft project” of creating a system of Christian dioceses of Khazaria with a center in Doros (today’s Mangup in the mountains of South-Western Crimea). On the other hand, the hypothesis that the project of organization of the “Gothic metropolis” was a result of a byzantine mission to Khazaria in which Constantine the Philosopher took part seem to be unacceptable. It’ very unlikely that the imperial mission of 860–861 traveled through Khazaria without any information about localization of Kagan’s horde. Justinian II also managed to get there even earlier in the beginning of the 8th century. The embassy of Tiberius III Apsiamar sent to Khazaria in order to destroy Justinian II also managed to get there. Diplomatic missions between Khazaria and Byzantium also undoubtedly arranged the marriage between Constantine V and Kazarian princes Chichak.
The article also deals with the problem of unification of the territory of “Gothic Metropolis” according to Not. III. It could be divided by the dioceses of Sougdaia and Bosporus on the way from Doris to Tamatarkha and inner Khazaria. The unity of “Khazar dioceses” of Gothic metropolis’ territory could achieved only if they were connected through the steppes of Northern Crimea and around the Sea of Azov. This situation possibly could be a chronological mark of the date of the composition of the document.
Although the organization of the Metropolis in Doris could be a byzantine initiative, the dioceses in inner Khazaria could be created only after the agreement of Khazar ruling elite. The Khazars controlled the Pontic Steppes and the North of Crimea until the end of 830s or the beginning of 840s. Thus, after having examined some different points of view concerning the dating of Not. III and its information about Crimea the author concludes that this document refer the situation of the second part of 830s or the beginning of 830s. It is possible that this project appeared when the Khazar Khaqanate needed a help from Byzantium and perhaps could agree with the presence of Byzantine church officials in the inner Khazar lands. Thus this project could probably appear close to the time of creation the theme of Klimata after Petrona’s mission to Khazaria and the building of Sarkel. But finally this idea remained a non-realized project. This could have happen may be as a result of the political changes (a conflict between Khazaria and Hungarians?) or was rejected by Khazar rulers for any other reasons Author agrees with V.S. Flyorov that there could be more than one mission of Byzantium’s officials and engineers and the project reflected in Not. III could be a result of one of them.
References
Айбабин А.И. Этническая история ранневизантийского Крыма. Симферополь, 1999. [Ajbabin A.I. Etnicheskaya istoriya rannevizantijskogo Kryma (Ethnic History of the Early Byzantine Crimea). Simferopol, 1999.]
Артамонов М.И. История хазар. СПб., 2001. [Artamonov M.I. Istoriya khazar (The History of the Khazars). St.-Petersburg, 2001.]
Атанасов Г. Бележки и допълнения към църковната организация в Мизия и Скития през IV–VII в. // Сборник в чест на Ал. Минчев (Acta musei varnaensis. № VIII-1). Варна, 2008. С. 297–318. [Atanasov G. Belezhki i dop’’lneniya k’’m c’’rkovnata organizaciya v Miziya i Skitiya prez IV–VII v. (Notes and Codicils to the Ecclesiastical Structure of Scytia and Moesia Secunda during 4th–7th Century AD) // Sbornik v chest na Al. Minchev (Acta musei Varnaensis. № VIII-1). Varna, 2008. S. 297–318.]
Бертье-Делагард А.Л. Исследование некоторых недоуменных вопросов средневековья в Тавриде // Бертье-Делагард А.Л. Избранные труды по истории христианства в Крыму. Симферополь, 2011. Т. 2. С. 65–78. [Bert’e-Delagard A.L. Issledovanie nekotoryh nedoumennyh voprosov srednevekov’ya v Tavride (Studies in some Puzzled Questions of Medieval Crimea) // Bert’e-Delagard A.L. Izbrannye trudy po istorii hristianstva v Krymu. Simferopol, 2011. T. II. S. 7–138.]
Бубенок О.Б. К вопросу о распространении христианства среди хазар // Східний світ. 2011, № 4. С. 65–78. [Bubenok O.B. K voprosu o rasprostranenii hristianstva sredi hazar (The Problem of Spreading of Cristianity among the Khazars) // Skhіdnij svіt. 2011, № 4. S. 65–78.]
Васильев А.А. Готы в Крыму. Ч. 2. // ИГАИМК. 1927. Вып. 5. С. 179–282. [Vasil’ev A.A. Goty v Krymu (The Goths in Crime). Pt. 2. // Izvestiya Gosudarstvennoj akademii istorii material’noj kul’tury. Moskow; Leningrad, 1927. Vol. 5. S. 179–282.]
Гадло А.В. Византийские свидетельства о Зихской епархии как источник по истории Северо-Восточного Причерноморья // Из истории Византии и византиноведения / Под ред. Г.Л. Курбатова. Л., 1991. С. 93–106. [Gadlo A.V. Vizantijskie svidetel’stva o Zihskoj eparhii kak istochnik po istorii Severo-Vostochnogo Prichernomor’ya (The Byzantine Evidences of Zikhian Eparchy as source on the History of North-East Black Sea Region) // Iz istorii Vizantii i vizantinovedeniya / Ed. by G.L. Kurbatov. Leningrad, 1991. S. 93–106.]
Голб Н., Прицак О. Хазарско-еврейские документы X в. М.; Иерусалим, 1997. [Golb N., Pritsak O. Hazarsko-evrejskie dokumenty X v. (Khazarian-Hebrew Documents of the 10th century). Moscow; Jerusalem, 1997.]
Иванов С.А. Миссия восточно-христианской церкви к славянам и кочевникам: эволюция методов // Славяне и их соседи. Вып. 10. М., 2001. С. 16–39. [Ivanov S.A. Missiya vostochnohristianskoj cerkvi k slavyanam i kochevnikam: evolyuciya metodov (The Mission of Eastern Church to Slavs and Nomads: Evolution of the Methods) // Slavyane i ikh sosedi. Vol. 10. Moscow, 2001. S. 16–39.]
Комар А.В. История и археология древних мадьяр в эпоху миграции. Будапешт, 2018. [Komar A.V. Istoriya i arheologiya drevnih mad’’yar v epohu migracii (History and Archeology of Ancient Magyars in Time of Migration). Budapest, 2018.]
Коматина П. Црквена политика Византиjе од краја иконоборства до смрти цара Василија I. Београд, 2014. [Komatina P. Crkvena politika Vizantije od krajya ikonoborstva do smrti cara Vasilija I (Church policy of Byzantium from the end of iconoclasm to the death of emperor Basil I). Belgrade, 2014.]
Константин Багрянородный. Об управлении империей / Под ред. Г.Г. Литаврина и А.П. Новосельцева. (Древнейшие источники по истории народов СССР). М., 1989. [Konstantin Bagryanorodnyj. Ob upravlenii imperiej (Constantin Porhyrogenitus. De administrando imperio) / Ed. By G.G. Litavrin and A.P. Novoseltsev. Moscow, 1989.]
Кропоткин В.В. Из истории средневекового Крыма (Чуфут-Кале и локализация города Фулл) // СА. Т. 28. М., 1958. С. 198–218. [Kropotkin V.V. Iz istorii srednevekovogo Kryma (Chufut-Kale i lokalizaciya goroda Full) (Chufut-Kale and Localization of the City of Phoulloi: on History of Medieval Crimea) // Sovetskaya arheologiya. T. 28. Moscow, 1958. S. 198–218.]
Кулаковский Ю.А. К истории Готской епархии (в Крыму) в VIII веке // ЖМНП. 1898. Ч. CCCXV, № 2. С. 173–194. [Kulakovkij Yu. A. K istorii Gotskoj eparhii (v Krymu) v VIII veke (On history of Gothic eparchy in 8th century) // Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya. 1898. Vol. CCCXV, № 2. S. 173–194.]
Могаричев Ю.М., Сазанов А.В., Шапошников А.К. Житие Иоанна Готского в контексте истории Крыма «хазарского периода». Симферополь, 2007. [Mogarichev Yu.M., Sazanov A.V., Shaposhnikov A.K. Zhitie Ioanna Gotskogo v kontekste istorii Kryma «hazarskogo perioda» (The Life of St. John of Gothia within the context of the Crimean History in the “Khazar Period”). Simferopol, 2007.]
Могаричев Ю.М., Сазанов А.В., Сорочан С.Б. Крым в «хазарское» время (VIII – середина X в.): вопросы истории и археологии. М., 2017. [Mogarichev Yu.M., Sazanov A.V., Sorochan S.B. Krym v «hazarskoe» vremya (VIII – seredina X v.): voprosy istorii i arheologii (Crimea at “Khazar period” (VIIIth – middle Xth centuries): Problems of history and archeology). Moscow, 2017.]
Мошин В. Готская епархия в Хазарии в VIII в. // Труды IV съезда русских академических организаций за границей. Белград, 1929. С. 249–256. [Moshin V. Gotskaya eparhiya v Hazarii v VIII v. (Gothic eparchy in Khazaria in the 8th century) // Trudy IV s’’ezda russkih akademicheskih organizacij za granicej. Belgrad, 1929. S. 249–256.]
Науменко В.Е. К вопросу о характере византийско-хазарских отношений в конце VIII – середине IX в. // Проблемы истории, филологии, культуры. Вып. 12. М.; Магнитогорск, 2002. С. 544–567. [Naumenko V.E. K voprosu o haraktere vizantijsko-hazarskih otnoshenij v konce VIII – seredine IX v. (On the question of the nature of the Byzantine-Khazar relations at the end of the VIII – the middle of the IX century) // Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury. Vol. 12. Moscow; Magnitogorsk, 2002. S. 544–567.]
Науменко В.Е. К вопросу о церковно-административном устройстве Таврики в VIII–IX вв. (по данным Notitiae Episcopatuum) // АДСВ. Екатеринбург, 2003. Вып. 34. С. 123–145. [Naumenko V.E. K voprosu o cerkovno-administrativnom ustrojstve Tavriki v VIII–IX vv. (po dannym Notitiae Episcopatuum) (On the Church and Administrative Apparatus of Taurica in the 8th–9th Centuries (According to Notitiae episcopatuum)) // Antichnaya drevnost’ i srednie veka. Ekaterinburg, 2003. Vol. 34. S. 123–145.]
Науменко В.Е. О византийской феме в Таврике в правление императора Никифора I Геника (802–811): критические замечания к гипотезе Тибора Живковича // Вестник Волгоградского гос. ун-та. Сер. 4. История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения. Т. 22, № 5. Волгоград, 2017. С. 75–85. [Naumenko V.E. O vizantiyskoy feme v Tavrike v pravleniye imperatora Nikifora I Genika (802–811): kriticheskiye zamechaniya k gipoteze Tibora Zhivkovicha (On the Byzantian Theme in Taurica in time of Nicephorus I Genikos (802–811)) // Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo. universiteta. Ser. 4. Istoriya. Regionovedeniye. Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya. T. 22, № 5. Volgorgad, 2017. S. 75–85.]
Оболенский Д. Византийское содружество наций. М., 1998. [Obolenskij D. Vizantijskoe sodruzhestvo nacij (Byzantine Commonwealth). Moscow, 1998.]
Сорочан С.Б. Византийский Херсон в письмах Николая Мистика // ХА. Т. 10. Киев; Харьков, 2012. С. 179–201. [Sorochan S.B. Vizantijskij Herson v Pis’mah Nikolaya Mistika (Byzantian Cherson in the Letters of Nicholas Mystikos) // Hazarskij Almanah. T. 10. Kiev; Harkov, 2012. S. 179–201.]
Флёров В.С. О первых публикациях местонахождений Башанта. Неизвестная византийская миссия в Хазарию? // ХА. Т. 15. М., 2017. С. 281–295. [Flyorov V.S. O pervyh publikaciyah mestonahozhdenij Bashanta. Neizvestnaya vizantijskaya missiya v Hazariyu? [About the First Publications of Locations of Bashanta. Unknown Byzantine Mission to Khazaria?] // Hazarskij Almanah. T. 15. Moscow, 2017. S. 281–295.]
Флоря Б.Н. Сказания о начале славянской письменности. М., 1981. [Florya B.N. Skazaniya o nachale slavyanskoj pis’mennosti (The Tales about the beginning of Slavic Literacy). Moscow, 1981.]
Цукерман К. Венгры в стране Леведии: новая держава на границах Византии и Хазарии ок. 836–889 гг. // МАИЭТ. Вып. VI. Симферополь, 1998. С. 553–688. [Zukerman K. Vengry v strane Levedii: novaya derzhava na granicah Vizantii i Hazarii ok. 836–889 g. (Hungarians in the Land of Lebedia: a new State on the borders of Byzantium and Khazaria, about 836–889) // Materialy po arheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii. Vol. VI. Simferopol, 1998. S. 553–688.]
Цукерман К. Политика Византии в Северном Причерноморье по данням Notitiae episcopatuum // МАИЭТ. Вып. XVI. Симферополь, 2010. C. 299–435. [Zukerman K. Politika Vizantii v Severnom Prichernomor’e po dannym Notitiae episcopatuum (Byzantium’s Pontic Policy according to Notitiae Episcopatuum) // Materialy po arheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii. Vol. XVI. Simferopol, 2010. S. 299–435.]
Чичуров И.С. Византийские исторические сочинения. М., 1980. [Chichurov I.S. Vizantijskie istoricheskie sochineniya (Byzantine Historical Works). Moscow, 1980.]
Boor К. de. Nachträge zu den Notitiae Episcopatuum, I–II // Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte. Bd. XII. B., 1891. S. 303–322, 519–534.
Darrouzes J. Notitiae episcopatuum ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae. P., 1981.
Holubeanu I. Provincia Scythia in Nititia Lui Carl de Boor. Vechile interpretari ale cercetatorilor // Classica et Christiana. T 14. Iasi, 2019. Р. 75–104.
Komatina P. Date of the composition of the Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae nos. 4, 5 and 6 // Зборник Радова Византолошког Института. Београд, 2013. Т. L/1. C. 195–213.
Lamberz E. Die Bischofslisten dez VII Ökumenischen Konzils (Nicaenum II). München, 2004.
Noonan T. Byzantium and Khazars: a special relationship? // Byzantine diplomacy. Aldershot, 1992. Р. 109–132.
Prigent V. Les évêchés byzantins de la Calabre septentrionale au VIIIe siècle // Melanges de L’Ecole Française de Rome, Moyen Age. Vol. 114. P., 2002. P. 931–953.
Vernadsky G. Byzantium and Southern Russia. I. The Eparchy of Gothia // Byzantion. 1940–1941. T. 15. P. 67–76.
Zuckerman C. On the date of the Khazars’ conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor // Revue des Etudes Byzantines. 1995. T. 53. Р. 237–270.
Zuckerman C. Byzantium’s Pontic Policy in the Notitiae episcopatuum // La Crimée entre Byzance et le Khaganat Khazar / Ed. by C. Zuckerman. P., 2006. P. 201–230.